The gross domestic product of the United States -- that oft-cited
measure of economic health -- has been ticking upward for the last two years.
But what would you see
if you could see a graph of gross domestic happiness?
A team of scientists from the University of Vermont have
made such a graph -- and the trend is down.
Reporting in the Dec. 7 issue of the journal PLoS ONE, the
team writes, "After a gradual upward trend that ran from January to April, 2009, the overall time series has
shown a gradual downward trend, accelerating somewhat over the first half of
2011."
"It appears that happiness is going down," said Peter Dodds, an
applied mathematician at UVM and the lead author on the new study.
How does he know this? From Twitter. For
three years, he and his colleagues gathered more than 46 billion words written in Twitter tweets by 63 million Twitter users
around the globe.
In these billions of words is not a view of any individual's state of mind.
Instead, like billions of moving atoms add up to the overall temperature of a room, billions of words used to express what
people are feeling resolve into a view of the relative mood of large groups.
These billions of words
contain everything from "the" to "pancakes" to "suicide." To get a sense of the
emotional gist of various words, the researchers used a service from Amazon called Mechanical Turk. On this website, they
paid a group of volunteers to rate, from one to nine, their sense of the "happiness" -- the emotional temperature
-- of the ten thousand most common words in English. Averaging their scores, the volunteers rated, for example,
"laughter" at 8.50, "food" 7.44, "truck" 5.48, "greed" 3.06 and "terrorist"
1.30.
The Vermont team then took these scores and applied them to the huge pool of words they collected from
Twitter. Because these tweets each have a date and time, and, sometimes, other demographic information -- like location --
they show changing patterns of word use that provide insights into the way groups of people are feeling.
The
new approach lets the researchers measure happiness at different scales of time and geography -- whether global patterns over
a workweek -- or on Christmas.
And stretched out over the last three years, these patterns of word use
show a drop in average happiness.
Or at least at drop in happiness for those who use Twitter. "It
does skew toward younger people and people with smartphones and so on -- but Twitter is nearly universal now," Dodds
said, "Every demographic is represented."
"Twitter is a signal," Dodds
said, "just like looking at the words in the New York Times or Google Books." (Word sources that the team is also
exploring in related studies). "They're all a sample," he says. "And indeed everything we say or write is a
distortion of what goes on inside our head."
But -- like GDP is a distortion of the hugely complex
interactions that make up the economy and yet is still useful -- the new approach by the UVM team provides a powerful sense
of the rising and falling pulse of human feelings.
"Individual happiness is a fundamental societal
metric," the researchers write in their study. Indeed the ultimate goal of much public policy is to improve and
protect happiness. But measuring happiness has been exceedingly difficult by traditional means, like self-reporting in social
science surveys. Some of the problems with this approach are that people often don't tell the truth in surveys and the
sample sizes are small.
And so efforts to measure happiness have been "overshadowed by more
readily quantifiable economic indicators such as gross domestic product," the study notes.
The
new approach lets the UVM researchers almost instantaneously look over the "collective shoulder of society," Dodds
says. "We get a sense of the aggregate expressions of millions of people," says Dodds's colleague Chris Danforth,
a mathematician and a co-author the study, while they are communicating in a "more natural way," he says. And this
opens the possibility of taking regular measures of happiness in near real-time -- measurements that could have applications
in public policy, marketing and other fields.
The study describes hundreds of insights from the Twitter data,
like a clear weekly happiness signal "with the peak generally occurring over the weekend, and the nadir on Monday and
Tuesday," they write. And over each day happiness seems to drop from morning to night. "It's part of the general
unraveling of the mind that happens over the course of the day," said Dodds.
In the long-term
graph that shows an overall drop in happiness, various ups and downs are clearly visible. While the strongest up-
trending days are annual holidays like Christmas and Valentine's Day, "all the most negative days are shocks from
outside people's routines," Dodds say. Clear drops can be seen with the spread of swine flu, announcement of the U.S.
economic bailout, the tsunami in Japan and even the death of actor Patrick Swayze.
"In measuring
happiness, we construct a tunable, real-time, remote sensing, and non-invasive, text-based hedonometer," the Vermont
scientists write. In other words, a happiness sensor.
Right now the sensor is only available to the
researchers, but Dodds, Danforth and their colleagues have in mind a tool that could go "on the dashboard" of
policy makers, Dodds says. Or, perhaps, on a real estate website for people exploring communities into which they might move,
or, simply, "if someone is flying in a plane they could look at this dashboard and see how the city below them is
feeling," he says.
Of course feelings change quickly and the nature of happiness itself is one of the most
complex, profound issues of human experience.
"There is an important psychological distinction
between an individual's current, experiential happiness and their longer term, reflective evaluation of their
life," the scientists write, "and in using Twitter, our approach is tuned to the former
kind."
And looking ahead, the Vermont scientists hope that by following the written expressions of
individual Twitter users over long time periods, they'll be able to infer details of happiness dynamics "such as
individual stability, social correlation and contagion and connections to well-being and health."
Dodds
and his colleagues are no strangers to the debates over the role of happiness that can be traced back through Brave New World
to Jeremy Bentham, Thomas Aquinas, and Aristotle. "By measuring happiness, we're not saying that maximizing happiness
is the goal of society," Dodds says. "It might well be that we need to have some persistent degree of grumpiness
for cultures to flourish."
Nevertheless, this study provides a new view on a compelling question: why does
happiness seem to be declining?
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